Influencia de los parámetros antropométricos y la composición corporal en las imágenes termográficas / Influência de parâmetros antropométricos e de composição corporal em imagens termográficas / Influence of anthropometric parameters and body composition in thermographic images

La termografía infrarroja está siendo utilizada en la actualidad para medir la temperatura de la piel (Tsk) tanto en medicina como en ciencias delejercicio. Sin embargo, para obtener una imagen termográfica de calidad, es necesario tener en cuenta factores que intervienen para evitar unainterpretación errónea de los resultados observados, incluidos los factores antropométricos y de la composición corporal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de estarevisión narrativa, es establecer cómo los parámetros antropométricos y de composición corporal pueden afectar los valores de Tsk, repercutiendo así enla evaluación de las imágenes termográficas. Los resultados de este estudio apuntan a un alto nivel de influencia de la superficie corporal y,especialmente, de la cantidad de grasa corporal en el patrón de normalidad esperado de la Tsk evaluada por termografía infrarroja, siendo los sujetos conmayor cantidad de grasa corporal quienes presentan menores valores de Tsk comparados con los de menor cantidad de grasa, algo que deberíaconsiderarse al evaluar a la población general y a los atletas con diferentes patrones de composición corporal.(AU)

Infrared thermography has been recently used to measure skin temperature (Tsk) in both medicine and sports medicine. However, to obtain a qualitythermographic image, it is necessary to observe intervening factors to avoid misinterpretation of the results, including anthropometric and bodycomposition factors. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to establish how anthropometric and body composition parameters can affect theTsk response, thus influencing the assessement of thermographic images. The results of this study point to a high level of influence of the body surfaceand, especially, of the amount of body fat in the expected Tsk pattern of normality evaluated by infrared thermography, being the subjects with higheramount of body fat who present lower Tsk values compared to those with lower body fat, which is something that should be considered when evaluatingthe general population and athletes with different body composition patterns.(AU)

A termografia infravermelha tem sido empregada de forma mais recente para mensurar a temperatura da pele (Tsk) sendo utilizada na medicina etambém na medicina esportiva. Entretanto, para se obter uma imagem termográfica de qualidade, vários fatores intervenientes precisam ser observadospara que se evite um erro de interpretação sobre os resultados observados, dentre eles os fatores antropométricos e de composição corporal. Assim que,o objetivo desta revisão narrativa é estabelecer de que forma os parâmetros antropométricos e de composição corporal podem afetar a resposta da Tsk,impactando assim na avaliação de imagens termográficas. Têm-se como principais conclusões que as evidências apontam para um elevado nível deinfluência da superfície corporal e especialmente da quantidade de gordura corporal sobe o padrão de normalidade esperada da Tsk avaliada portermografía infravermelha, de modo que indivíduos com maior quantidade de gordura corporal apresentam valores menores de Tsk quando comparadosa indivíduos com menor quantidade, devendo assim ser considerado ao avaliar a população em geral e atletas com diferentes padrões de gorduracorporal.(AU)

Is relative fat mass a better indicator of high blood pressure levels when compared to other anthropometric indexes?

INTRODUCTION: Background: relative fat mass (RFM) has been proposed recently, and the effectiveness in relation to other anthropometric indexes already consolidated regarding the predictive capacity of high blood pressure levels (HBPL) has not been investigated yet. Objectives: the objective was to analyze the predictive capacity of RFM for HBPL, and to compare it with others indexes. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 896 individuals. Weight, height, hip, waist circunference (WC), and neck circunference measurements were evaluated, and RFM, body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index, waist/hip ratio, and waist/height ratio were calculated. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured on one occasion. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, a logistic regression model, and the analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used. Results: HBPL proportion was higher in men (34.68 %, p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation (p < 0.01) between all anthropometric measurements and SBP and DBP. WC in males (OR, 3.66; p < 0.01) and BMI in females (OR, 5.06; p < 0.01) showed the greatest associations with HBPL. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in the area under the curve. Conclusions: the findings of our study suggest that RFM is not the best index for predicting HBPL, although it has shown positive associations.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: se ha propuesto recientemente la medida de la masa grasa relativa (RFM) como predictor de la hipertensión arterial (HBPL), aunque su valor predictivo y la comparación con otros índices antropométricos está por evaluar. Objetivos: el objetivo fue analizar la capacidad predictiva de la RFM para el HBPL y compararlo con otros índices. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal con 896 individuos. Se evaluaron las medidas de peso, talla, cadera, circunferencia de la cadera (CC) y circunferencia del cuello, y se calcularon la RFM, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal, la relación cintura/cadera y la relación cintura/estatura. En una ocasión se midió la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD); se utilizaron la estadística descriptiva, la correlación de Pearson, un modelo de regresión logística y el análisis de las curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Resultados: la proporción de HBPL fue mayor en los hombres (34,68 %; p < 0,01). Hubo una correlación positiva (p < 0.01) entre todas las medidas antropométricas y PAS y PAD. La CC en los hombres (OR: 3,66; p < 0,01) y el IMC en las mujeres (OR: 5,06; p < 0,01) mostraron las mayores asociaciones con los HBPL. No hubo diferencia estadística (p > 0.05) en el área bajo la curva. Conclusiones: los hallazgos de nuestro estudio sugieren que la RFM no es el mejor índice para predecir el HBPL, aunque ha mostrado asociaciones positivas.

Lactate Concentration Is Related to Skin Temperature Variation After a Specific Incremental Judo Test.

ABSTRACT: Gomes Moreira, D, José Brito, C, de Almeida Ferreira, JJ, Bouzas Marins, JC, López Díaz de Durana, A, Couceiro Canalejo, J, Butragueño Revenga, J, and Sillero-Quintana, M. Lactate concentration is related to skin temperature variation after a specific incremental judo test. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2213-2221, 2021-This study aimed to analyze the skin temperature (tsk) response in judokas after a specific incremental test and to determine whether anthropometric and physiological measures can be explained by the variation in mean tsk. A total of 23 male judo athletes (age: 20.1 ± 4.7 years; height: 173.1 ± 8.1 cm; and body mass: 71.7 ± 8.1 kg) performed a specific incremental judo test. Skin temperature evaluations were collected in 26 regions of interest (ROIs), and the mean tsk was calculated using an equation including 10 of them. The time points before the test (pre-test), immediately after (0 minutes), and after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of the test were established to measure the tsk, mean tsk, auricular temperature (tau), and blood lactate (LAC). The athletes completed a mean of 7.0 ± 1.0 stages of the test, 95% confidence interval (CI; 6.2-7.1). The V̇o2peak achieved was 48.7 ± 5.3 ml·kg-1·min-1, 95% CI (46.4-51.0). Compared with pre-test values, only the forehead significantly decreased 5 minutes after the test (p < 0.05). The posterior right arm and posterior left arm remained increased 10 minutes after the test (p < 0.05). After 15 minutes, 19 of the 26 ROIs analyzed were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Among all tested models of linear regression, only 2 were significant, the difference of tsk 5 minutes compared with pre-test (F1, 21 = 16.49, p = 0.001) and the difference of tsk 10 minutes compared with pre-test, to predict LAC concentration at the end of the test (F1, 21 = 9.30, p = 0.006). We concluded that 5 minutes after the test, the judokas present a higher tau and a higher tsk in 7 ROIs, and the tsk decreases 15 minutes after the test in 19 of the considered ROIs. The variation of mean tsk 5 and 10 minutes after the test compared with pre-test values is associated with blood LAC at the end of the test.

Ischemic Preconditioning and Muscle Force Capabilities.

ABSTRACT: Valenzuela, PL, Martín-Candilejo, R, Sánchez-Martínez, G, Bouzas Marins, JC, de la Villa, P, and Sillero-Quintana, M. Ischemic preconditioning and muscle force capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2187-2192, 2021-This study analyzed the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on muscle force capabilities. Sixteen male subjects participated in this randomized, crossover, sham-controlled study. They were assigned to either IPC (3 × 5 minutes at 220 mm Hg in both arms with 5-minute rests) or a sham intervention (SHAM) (occlusion pressure set at 10 mm Hg). Forty minutes later, their force capabilities on the bench press exercise were assessed (load-velocity relationship with light, moderate, and heavy loads [30, 50, and 70% body mass, respectively]; 1 repetition maximum [1RM]; and number of repetitions to failure in 3 sets with 60% RM). The skin temperature (Tsk) of the pectoral and biceps muscles was analyzed as a secondary endpoint by means of infrared thermography. A significant decrease in the Tsk of the pectoral and biceps muscles was observed after the intervention (p < 0.01) and before the warm-up (p < 0.05) in IPC, but not in SHAM. However, exercise resulted in a similar Tsk increase in the pectoral muscles in both conditions (p > 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05 for all) were observed between conditions in the mean velocity attained with light (1.11 ± 0.11 and 1.09 ± 0.14 m·s-1, respectively), moderate (0.83 ± 0.14 and 0.83 ± 0.16 m·s-1), nor heavy loads (0.56 ± 0.17 and 0.54 ± 0.16 m·s-1), in 1RM (75.0 ± 18.9 and 73.1 ± 15.0 kg for IPC and SHAM, respectively; p = 0.181), nor in the number of repetitions performed (52 ± 13 and 54 ± 16 repetitions, p = 0.492). In summary, IPC decreased Tsk locally (biceps) and remotely (pectoral). However, it did not alter muscle force capabilities nor the Tsk response to exercise.

Daily rhythm of skin temperature of women evaluated by infrared thermal imaging.

It is well known that skin temperature varies due to circadian rhythm. Although there is information available for men, little is known about women's circadian rhythm in the analysis of skin temperature (Tsk) using infrared thermography. The objective of this study is to identify Tsk variations on different body regions in women through infrared thermography during the day. The sample consisted of 20 female (mean age of 20.5 ± 1.3 years, body weight of 62.2 ± 9.2kg and height of 165.0 ± 4.7cm). Oneway ANOVA for repeated measures, and Cosinor analysis was used to determine the MESOR, amplitude and acrophase of Tsk. The regions of the forearm, upper arm and anterior and posterior legs in the lower limbs, as well as the chest and scapulae in the upper limbs showed higher variability throughout the day. In general, distal regions had lower values compared with the central regions, and the pectoral region had the lowest standard deviation values. Tsk of the analyzed regions at different times show significant differences between periods of the day in young active women, showing the minimum absolute values for both Tsk in the early morning. These results highlight the need to consider the time of day when analyzing women's skin temperature. Future studies should report the time of day when the images were collected, as well as consider the circadian rhythm when making comparisons.

Validity of inner canthus temperature recorded by infrared thermography as a non-invasive surrogate measure for core temperature at rest, during exercise and recovery.

Research into obtaining a fast, valid, reliable and non-invasive measure of core temperature is of interest in many disciplinary fields. Occupational and sports medicine research has attempted to determine a non-invasive proxy for core temperature particularly when access to participants is limited and thermal safety is of a concern due to protective encapsulating clothing, hot ambient environments and/or high endogenous heat production during athletic competition. This investigation aimed to determine the validity of inner canthus of the eye temperature (TEC) as an alternate non-invasive measure of intestinal core temperature (TC) during rest, exercise and post-exercise conditions. Twelve physically active males rested for 30min prior to exercise, performed 60min of aerobic exercise at 60% V̇O2max and passively recovered a further 60min post-exercise. TEC and TC were measured at 5min intervals during each condition. Mean differences between TEC and TC were 0.61°C during pre-exercise, -1.78°C during exercise and -1.00°C during post-exercise. The reliability between the methods was low in the pre-exercise (ICC=0.49 [-0.09 to 0.82]), exercise (ICC=-0.14 [-0.65 to 0.44]) and post-exercise (ICC=-0.25 [-0.70 to 0.35]) conditions. In conclusion, poor agreement was observed between the TEC values measured through IRT and TC measured through a gastrointestinal telemetry pill. Therefore, TEC is not a valid substitute measurement to gastrointestinal telemetry pill in sports and exercise science settings.

Regional Skin Temperature Response to Moderate Aerobic Exercise Measured by Infrared Thermography.

BACKGROUND: Infrared thermography (IRT) does not require contact with the skin, and it is a convenient, reliable and non-invasive technique that can be used for monitoring the skin temperature (TSK). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to monitor the variations in the regional TSK during exercise on 28 regions of interest (ROIs) (forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, lumbar, anterior and posterior neck, and posterior and anterior views of the right and left hands, forearms, upper arms, thighs, and legs) with IRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 12 physically active young males were monitored with IRT during the following three phases: a) 30 minutes before exercise b) while performing one hour of moderate intensity exercise on a treadmill at 60% of the VO2max, and c) 60 minutes after exercise. RESULTS: During pre-exercise, all TSK reached a steady-state (P ≤ 0.05), which ensured adequate thermal stabilisation. At the beginning of exercise, there was a significant reduction in the TSK in most ROIs after 10 minutes of activity, except for the lower limbs (legs and thighs). After one hour of recovery, in the anterior view of the hands and thighs and in the posterior view of the legs, there were significant increases in the TSK compared to pre-exercise. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant distinctions in the skin temperature distribution during exercise according to the activity of the area under consideration during exercise, which may be important in the development of physiological models and heat flux analyses for different purposes.

Hydration practices of runners during training vs competition / Prácticas de hidratación en corredores durante el entrenamiento vs la competición

Background: Appropriate hydration ensures that the athlete is in ideal condition during exercise. Inadequate hydration practices are still present among athletes participating in different types of sports. This could be the result of a low level of knowledge concerning the importance of hydration for athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and the hydration practices of the runners in training and competition. Method: This study used an exploratory method involving a questionnaire containing 19 objective questions related to hydration habits and level of knowledge about hydration, as reported in prior studies, which included questions categorized into three parts: demographic characteristics, hydration habits during competition and training, and hydration knowledge. A total of 412 athletes (36.1 ± 12.9 years old) with a high experience in the sport (11.2 ± 10.9 years) were evaluated. Results: A significant difference (p = 0.0012) was observed for reported hydration practices between training and competitions. Moreover, the data revealed that a large number of runners (41 % in competitions and 54.4% in training) had inadequate hydration habits because they did not always consume fluids. Increased consumption of fluids in the competitions was also observed. Only 35.4% of athletes consumed sports drinks, while 3.88 % had never consumed fluids during training, and 1.5% never consumed fluids in competition. Few athletes (23.2%) weighed themselves before and after exercising. Participants answered 66.6% of hydration knowledge questions correctly. Conclusion: Runners were not able to transfer their knowledge about proper hydration during both training and competition practices

Introducción: Una hidratación adecuada asegura que el atleta está en condición ideal durante el ejercicio. Se suelen presentar prácticas de hidratación inadecuadas entre los deportistas de diferentes disciplinas que podrían deberse a un bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre la importancia de una correcta hidratación para el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimiento y las prácticas de hidratación en corredores durante el entrenamiento frente a la competición. Métodos: Este estudio utilizó un método exploratorio que incluía un cuestionario con 19 preguntas objetivas relacionadas con los hábitos de hidratación y el nivel de conocimiento sobre hidratación, según lo informado en estudios previos, cuyas preguntas estaban divididas en tres partes: características demográficas; hábitos de hidratación durante el entrenamiento y competición, y conocimientos sobre hidratación. Se evaluaron 412 corredores (36,1 ± 12,9 años) con una elevada experiencia en la práctica del atletismo (11,2 ± 10,9 años). Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa (p = 0,0012) de las prácticas de hidratación durante los entrenamientos y la competición, con mayor consumo de líquidos durante las competiciones. Por otra parte, los datos revelaron que un gran número de corredores (41,0% en competición y 54,4 % en entrenamiento) tenían hábitos de hidratación inadecuados al no consumir siempre líquidos. Sólo el 35,4 % de los atletas declararon consumir bebidas deportivas. La ingesta de líquidos era inexistente en el 3,8% de los atletas durante el entrenamiento y el 1,5% en competiciones. Sólo el 23,2% de los encuestados controlaban el peso corporal antes y después del ejercicio. Los participantes respondieron correctamente al 66,6% de las preguntas sobre conocimiento de hidratación. Conclusiones: Los corredores participantes no fueron capaces de trasladar sus conocimientos sobre el tema de hidratación en prácticas adecuadas tanto en entrenamiento como en competición

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in professors from a public university.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among professors of a public university. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 145 professors from the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), MG, Brazil, in 2010. Analyzed variables included age, weight, height, waist, hip and abdominal circumferences, in addition to total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures. RESULTS: A total of 71% were men, the average age of the men was higher than that of the women (46.9 versus 43.2 years old); half of the participants were overweight (46.9% were overweight and 9.0% were obese). Other factors were: 17.2% presented a waist-hip ratio at risk; 46.9% had greater than normal abdominal circumference; 4.0% presented high total cholesterol, 20.2% high triglycerides, 4.8% of the individuals presented abnormal glucose metabolism; and 16.6% were hypertensive. In comparison with men, women presented lower systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and abdominal, hip and waist circumferences. There was a trend of increased waist/hip and abdominal circumferences, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure as individuals aged. CONCLUSION: The college professors addressed in this study present important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Hence, prevention and control measures need to be implemented in order to reduce the problem, a process in which nursing professionals play a key role in the achievement of success.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in professors from a public university / Factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en profesores de una universidad pública / Fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em professores de uma universidade pública

Objective. To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among professors of a public university. Methodology. This cross-sectional study included 145 professors from the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), MG, Brazil, in 2010. Analyzed variables included age, weight, height, waist, hip and abdominal circumferences, in addition to total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Results. A total of 71% were men, the average age of the men was higher than that of the women (46.9 versus 43.2 years old); half of the participants were overweight (46.9% were overweight and 9.0% were obese). Other factors were: 17.2% presented a waist-hip ratio at risk; 46.9% had greater than normal abdominal circumference; 4.0% presented high total cholesterol, 20.2% high triglycerides, 4.8% of the individuals presented abnormal glucose metabolism; and 16.6% were hypertensive. In comparison with men, women presented lower systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and abdominal, hip and waist circumferences. There was a trend of increased waist/hip and abdominal circumferences, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure as individuals aged. Conclusion. The college professors addressed in this study present important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Hence, prevention and control measures need to be implemented in order to reduce the problem, a process in which nursing professionals play a key role in the achievement of success.

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en profesores de una universidad pública. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal. Se evaluaron 145 profesores de la Universidad Federal de Viçosa-MG (UFV), en 2010. Las variables analizas fueron edad, peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, cadera y abdominal, además del colesterol total, triglicéridos, glucosa y tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica en reposo. Resultados. 71%, hombres; la edad promedio de estos fue mayor que la de las mujeres (46.9 versus 43.2 años), uno de cada dos participantes estaba pasado de peso (46.9% sobrepeso y 9.0% obesidad). Otros factores observados fueron: un 17.2% tenía un índice cintura/cadera de riesgo; el 46.9%, alta circunferencia abdominal; el 4.0%, colesterol total alto; el 20.2%, triglicéridos altos; un 4.8%, con metabolismo anormal de glucosa y 16.6% hipertensos. En comparación con los hombres, las mujeres tenían valores más bajos para la presión arterial sistólica, presión arterial diastólica, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia abdominal y la relación cintura/cadera. Hubo una tendencia al aumento de los valores de las variables de la relación cintura/cadera, circunferencia abdominal, el colesterol total, los triglicéridos y la presión arterial sistólica, con el aumento de edad. Conclusión. Los profesores universitarios participantes en este estudio tienen importantes frecuencias de exposición a factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular. Es necesario implementar medidas de prevención y control para la reducción de esta problemática, en las cuales Enfermería es clave para su éxito.

Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência de fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em professores de uma universidade pública. Metodologia. Estudo de corte transversal. Avaliaram-se 145 professores da Universidade Federal de Viçosa-MG (UFV), em 2010. As variáveis analisas foram idade, peso, medida, circunferência de cintura, quadril e abdominal, além do colesterol total, triglicérides, glucose e tensão arterial sistólica e diastólica em repouso. Resultados. 71% eram homens, a idade média das homens foi maior que a das mulheres (46.9 contra 43.2 anos), um de cada dois participante tinha estava passado de importância (46.9% sobrepeso e 9.0% obesidade). Outros fatores observados foram: 17.2% tinha um índice cintura/quadril de risco, 46.9% com alta circunferência abdominal, 4.0% com colesterol total alto, 20.2% de triglicérides altos, um 4.8% com metabolismo anormal de glucose e 16.6% foram hipertensos. Em comparação com os homens, as mulheres tinham valores mais baixos para a pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal e a relação cintura/quadril. Teve uma tendência ao aumento dos valores das variáveis da relação cintura/quadril, circunferência abdominal, o colesterol total, os triglicérides e a pressão arterial sistólica, com o aumento de idade. Conclusão. Os professores universitários deste estudo têm importantes frequências de exposição a fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular. É necessário implementar medidas de prevenção e controle para a redução desta problemática, nas quais Enfermagem é importante para seu sucesso.

The relationship between hand grip strength and anthropometric parameters in men / Relación de fuerza de prensión manual frente a parámetros antropométricos en hombres

Introduction: Hand grip strength (HGS) is a standard parameter for hand function evaluation. It is commonly used to assess the efficacy of different surgical procedures and treatments, such as the working capability of patients with either arm or hand lesions, or in clinical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or muscular dystrophy. Purpose: To verify whether a relationship exists between hand grip strength and certain anthropometric parameters in Brazilian men, to evaluate whether differences exist between the right and left hands and between the dominant and non-dominant hands, and to gather data concerning normal HGS in Brazilian men. Methods: A total of 1279 male (27.5 ± 10.1 years) volunteers in Brazil were evaluated. We examined the hand grip strength values in the left and right hands with a dynamometer. The data collection followed the recommendations of the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT). The height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of each participant were measured. Results: The registered grip strength (in kgf ) was 47.6 (8.1) for the right hand; 46.3 (8.2) for the left hand; 47.8 (8.2) for the dominant hand; and 46.1 (8.1) in the non-dominant hand. A weak and positive association was observed between the dominant hand grip strength and height (Spearman’s r= 0.28, p<0.01), weight (Spearman’s r=0.316, p<0.01), and BMI (Spearman’s r= 0.19, p<0.01) was observed. Conclusion: A weak association was observed between the hand grip strength of the dominant hand and the anthropometric parameters of height, weight and BMI in Brazilian men. In this population, the studied anthropometric variables may be less relevant than the other physiological factors that influence the HGS. The dominant and right hands showed greater grip strength compared to the non-dominant and left hands, respectively

Introducción: La fuerza de prensión manual (FPM) es un parámetro estándar para la evaluación de la función de la mano. Se utiliza comúnmente para evaluar la eficacia de diferentes procedimientos y tratamientos quirúrgicos, como la capacidad de trabajo de los pacientes con cualquier lesión en las manos e los brazos, o en condiciones clínicas tales como la artritis reumatoide o la distrofia muscular. Objetivo: Comprobar sí existe relación entre la fuerza de prensión manual y determinados parámetros antropométricos en hombres brasileños. Evaluar si hay diferencias entre las manos derecha e izquierda y entre las manos dominante y no dominante. Establecer los datos relativos normales a FPM en hombres brasileños. Métodos: Fueron evaluados 1.279 hombres (27,5 ± 10,1 años) voluntarios en Brasil. Se han examinado los valores de fuerza manual de la mano izquierda y derecha, por medido de dinamometría. La recolección de datos siguió las recomendaciones de la American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT). Se registraron la talla, peso e IMC. Resultados: Se registraron una fuerza manual en kgf de 47,6 (8,1) para la mano derecha; 46,3 (8,2) mano izquierda; 47,8 (8,2) mano dominante; 46,1 (8,1) y mano no dominante. Hubo una asociación débil y positiva entre fuerza de prensión manual dominante con la talla (Spearman r= 0,28, p<0,01), el peso (Spearman r =0,316, p<0,01) y el IMC (Spearman r= 0,19, p<0,01). Conclusión: Fue posible establecer que existe una débil asociación entre la fuerza de prensión manual de la mano dominante frente a los parámetros antropométricos talla, peso e IMC en hombres brasileños. Para esta población variables antropométricas pueden ser menos relevante que otros factores fisiológicos que influyen en FPM. La mano dominante y la mano derecha mostraron mayor fuerza de prensión en comparación con la mano no dominante y la izquierda, respectivamente

Prácticas dietéticas de los ciclistas de montaña brasileños antes y durante el entrenamiento y la competición / Dietary practices of Brazilian mountain bikers before and during training and competition

Background: The quality of the consumed diet is important for the improvement in performance during training and the achievement of positive results on competitions. The objective of study was to investigate the breakfast practices, and nutritional strategies used before and during training and competition of cyclists participating in the biggest mountain biking competition of Brazil. Methods: The participants (n = 146) were asked to complete a questionnaire during the distribution of kits on the day before the competition. The questionnaire included 13 questions about the participants’ characteristics, pre-training and pre-competition usual breakfast and meal consumption, and systemic or gastrointestinal symptoms during exercise. All statistical analyses were conducted using Sigma Stat 3.1 software. Results: 97.54% of participants consumed breakfast pre-training, while all participants consumed a pre-competition breakfast. After the analyses, banana and bread were the most consumed foods for pre-training and competition breakfast. Fort-two percent and 58 % of the participants consumed some supplement during the morning of the training and competition, respectively. Most participants indicated the consumption of some form of supplement during training (88.35%) and competition (97.25%). About 30% and 54% used three or more types of energy replenishment strategies during the training and the competition, respectively. 86% of the participants reported some form of adverse symptom during the training or race. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that most of the mountain bikers interviewed consumed breakfast before exercise, although most of the foods chosen for breakfast were not appropriate for a pre-exercise meal. Moreover, these cyclists had a high ingestion of supplements before and during exercise, often being used as substitutes for food. The information obtained about these supplements was provided by unreliable sources in 43% of athletes. It is also suggested that these athletes should be better informed about risks and benefits of supplements use (AU)

Introducción: La calidad de la dieta es importante para la mejora del rendimiento tanto a la hora de entrenar como para obtener el logro de resultados positivos en competiciones. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las prácticas dietéticas en el desayuno, y las estrategias nutritivas usadas antes y durante el entrenamiento y la competición en ciclistas de montaña que participan en la mayor prueba de ese tipo en Brasil. Metodología: Los participantes (n = 146) fueron reclutados para completar una encuesta durante la recogida de materiales de identificación de los equipos en el día previo a la competición. La encuesta incluyó 13 preguntas sobre sus conductas nutricionales, pre-entrenamiento y pre-competición sobre el desayuno usual y consumo de la comida, síntomas sistémicoso gastrointestinales durante el ejercicio. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa Sigma Stat 3.1. Resultados: Un 97,54% del total aseguraron tomar el desayuno antes del entrenamiento, y todos los participantes desayunaron antes de la competición. Después de los análisis, el plátano y pan estaban en la mayoría de las comidas pre-entrenamiento y competición. 42% y 58% de los participantes consumieron algún suplemento por la mañana antes del entrenamiento y competición, respectivamente. La mayoría de los participantes indicó el consumo de algún tipo de suplemento durante el entrenamiento (88,35%) y competición (97,25%). Aproximadamente, 30 y 54% usaron tres o más tipos de estrategias para reponer energía durante el entrenamiento y la competición, respectivamente. Un total de 86% de los participantes informaron haber tenido algún síntoma adverso durante el entrenamiento o competición. Conclusiones: Se demostró que la mayoría de los ciclistas realizan algún desayuno antes del ejercicio, aunque la mayoría de los alimentos escogidos no eran apropiados para una comida pre-ejercicio. Los ciclistas tenían una ingestión alta de suplementos antes y durante el ejercicio, usándose a menudo como sustitutivo de la comida. La información obtenida sobre estos suplementos fue proporcionada por las fuentes no fiables en 43% de los deportistas. También se sugiere que estos atletas se informen bien sobre los riesgos y beneficios del consumo de suplementos (AU)

Precisión de las ecuaciones para estimar la frecuencia cardiaca máxima en cicloergómetro / Acuracy of different equation to predict maximal heart rate in cycle ergometer

Objetivos: Comparar la precisión de ecuaciones para estimar la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (FCM) en cicloergómetro para jóvenes. Material y Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 51 hombres (22,2 ± 2,7 años) y 17 mujeres (21,9 ± 1,9 años). La prueba consistió en realizar, tras un período de calentamiento de 10 minutos, una fase de ejercicio a la máxima velocidad durante un minuto en cicloergómetro, aplicándole al evaluado como resistencia una carga de 3 vatios por cada Kg de peso corporal. Fueron consideradas un total de 53 ecuaciones para contrastar la FCM obtenida durante la prueba máxima en cicloergómetro. Se empleó la t de Student para muestras relacionadas, para comparar los valores medios entre los dos grupos(FCM predicha vs FCM obtenida) con el fi n de determinar la similitud entre los datos. Resultados: Se obtuvo una FCM durante la prueba en ciclo de 183,5 ± 8,1 lpm (hombres) y 175,6 ± 8,5 lpm (mujeres). Entre las 53 fórmulas de predicción de FCM evaluadas para el ejercicio en cicloergómetro, entre los hombres solamente seis fórmulas presentaron un P > 0.05, sin embargo entre las mujeres fueron aceptadas solamente dos ecuaciones. La ecuación (FCM =220 - edad) ha sobrevalorado sistemáticamente la FCM predicha tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de las ecuaciones evaluadas no son precisas para estimar la FCM en cicloergómetro. Para predecir la FCM en ejercicio de cicloergometría en hombres se recomienda la ecuación (FCM = 202 - 0,72 * edad) y para mujeres (CM = 189 - 0,56 * edad) o (FCM = 196 - 0,9 * edad). No se sugiere emplear la ecuación (FCM = 220 - edad) para predecir la FCM para una población de jóvenes adultos (AU)

Objectives: Comparing equations to predict the maximum heart rate (MHR) in cycle ergometer in young people. Material and Methods: The sample was composed by 51 male (22.2 ± 2.7 years) and 17 female (21.9 ± 1.9 years). After a10 min warm–up period, the subjects performed a maximum speed test during 1 minute, applying as resistance a load of 3watts per Kg body weight. A total of 53 equations were considered to contrast their results with the MHR obtained during the maximum test at cycle ergometer. Paired Student’s t-test was used to compare the mean values between the groups (MHR prev and MHR obt) in order to determinate the similarity between the data. Results: The MHR mean values were 183.5 ± 8.1 bpm (male) and 175.6 ± 8.5 bpm (female). Among the MHR prediction equations for cycle exercise, only six of them showed a p > 0.05 for men, meanwhile only two equations were accepted for women. The equation (MHR = 220 - age) systematically overestimated the predicted MHR both in men and women. Conclusions: The most suitable equation to predict MHR in cycle ergometer exercise for men was (MHR = 202 - 0,72 * age),while for women (MHR = 189 - 0.56 * age) or (MHR = 196 - 0.9 * age) were the most adequate. We suggest no to use the equation (MHR = 220 - age) to predict MHR in young people (AU)

Revisão crítica dos métodos disponíveis para avaliar a composição corporal em grandes estudos populacionais e clínicos / Critical revision of the available methods for evaluate the body composition in population-bases and clinical studies

A avaliação da composicão corporal é de extrema importância para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional individual e populacional e para o estabelecimento de conductas clínico - nutricionais, adequadas. O excesso de gordura corporal está, freqüentemente, associado a alterações metabólicas importantes e às doenças crônicas, como diabetes, hipertensão arterial e dislipidemias. A disponibilidade de métodos que permitam estimar a composição corporal é fundamental para aviliação de atletas e do estado de saúde de indivíduos. Há diversos métodos para análise da composição corporal, e é importante conhecer a limitação de cada um e a sua validade para que as estimativas obtidas sejam confiáveis e interpretadas correctamente. Este estudo tem como objetivo revisar a aplicabilidade de alguns indicadores do estado nutricional e de métodos de avaliação da composição corporal, tais como índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e relação cintura - quadril. medidas de dobras cutâneas, bioimpedância eléctrica e interactância de infravermelho próximo.